Vehicle suspension



July 6, 1937.

s. c. COLEMAN VEHICLE S-USBENSION Filed 001;. 11, 19:55

l4 Sheets-Sheet 1 July 6, 1937. s. L. c. COLEMAN VEHICLE SUSPENS ION Filed 0st. 11, 1935 14 Sheets-Sheet 2 w 4 M a July 6, 1937. s. L. COLEMAN VEHICLE SUSPENSION Filed Oct. 11, 1935 14 Sheets-Sheet 5 I Y a 9 l I 1 i I I ll gimme/who's Chin MA I l In l l l r-l I) I Julyfi, 1937 s. L. c. COLEMAN 2,085,738

VEHICLE susrzusxom Filed 0m. 11, 1935 14 Sheets-Sheet 5 No: um 1 VEHICLE SUSPENSION 14 Sheets-Sheet 6 Filed Oct. 11, 1935 avwcmtoz,

July 6, 1937. s. .-c. COLEMAN 2,085,733

VEHICLE SUSPENSION Filed Oct. 11', 1935 14 Sheets-Sheet '1 j auvemlio'a y 1937. 5. Lbs. COLEMAN VEHICLE SUSPENSION Filed Oct. 11, 1955 14 Sheets-Sheet 8 July. 6, 193?. s L. C. COLEMAN 'VEHICLE SUSPENSION Filed OCT.. 11, 1935 14 Sheets-Sheet l0 July 6, 1937. s. c. COLEMAN VEHICLE SUSPENSION 14 Sheets-Sheet 11 Filed Oct. 11, 19 35 k? b3 Q w %m WNw . NS s @wNwx July 6,1937. s. L. c. COLEMAN 2,085,738

VEHICLE SUSPENSION Filed'Oct. 11, 19 35 l4 Sheets-Sheet 12 I IV l| l 47. I I II '1 l II I:

July 6, 1937. s. L. c; COLEMAN vmncma SUSPENSION Filed 001;. 11, 1955 14 Sheets-Sheet 15 July 6, 1937. s. L. c. COLEMAN 2,085,738 I VEHICLE SUSBENSION Filed 001;. 11, 1935 l4 Sheets-Sheet 14 Patented July 6, 1937 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE wick,

Canada Application October 11,

1935, Serial No. 44,615

31 Claims; (01. 280-124) This invention relates to chassis construction and particularly certain improved and novel fea-.

.tures applicable to spring suspensions of .the 1 same general broad principles as set forth in 5 applicant's Reissue Patent No. 18,177 dated September 8, 1931, and copending applications Serial Nol 691,231 filed September 27, 1933, and Serial- No. 745,463 filed September 25, 1934.

The object of the invention is to decrease the weight of the chassis, and consequently the cost,-

while at the sametime greatly increasing the stifiness of the chassis frame against twisting and road strains, all tending toward more comfortable driving and riding.

Another object is to produce a construction which will make it practical to substitute light air springs or the like, in place of the comparatively heavy coil and leaf springs now used in conventional constructions.

0 Another object is to combine with said air springs, as a unit, hydraulic shock absorbers and rebound checks, thus eliminating the four separate hydraulic shock absorbers usually found on automobiles:

Another object is the production of a construction having inherent stability 'apart from the effect of springs or stabilizing devices.

Another-object is to combine independentlysprung dirigible wheels, with an air spring sus-' 3U pension for the sprung parts .of the chassis.

Another object is to secure a construction in which the greatbulk of the load is carried on two centrallydisposed pivotal points, one at each end of the chassis, yet permitting the moving of the engine far enough ahead to approximately make an equal load on the front and rear springs without undue lengthening of the 'and fall of the body under acceleration or deceleration. In addition there is obtained good insulation against high frequency'vibration and noise, and there are no metal springs to break orsqueak, the conventional outward appearance being retained, with greater comfortand safety,- for the passengers, at low cost of production.

pension comprises front and rear air or fluid pressure springs, each mounted at the center of a light rigid T sectioned equalizing member placed transversely to the frame, each equalizing member having an eye formed at both of its ends. These equalizing members are flexiblyconnected to the running gear, by shackles having a pivot pin joint at their lower ends, and a ball and socket joint at their upper ends. i

As shown in the present form, each air spring or the like,'comprises telescoping sections, the bottom section being fixed to the center of the equalizing members by studs while the top telescoping section is connected by a ball joint to the frame at its longitudinal'center line. Each air spring is preferably arranged at-an angle to the verticalplane in such a way that the angle rails of the frame are brought together and{ welded, and at the rear end of the frame the side rails again form a fork 'in which is mounted the differential.

In combination with the air springs are two spring steel torsion rods arranged transversely of the frame, one near the front end and the -tion at approximately right angles .to the main 5 body of the torsion rods thus forming lever arms, and the outer ends of these lever arms are flexiblyconnected through a link and rubber bearings, one to each section of the-divided axles.

The running gear at the front end of the car is of a type known as The Parallelogram, formed of parallel levers hinged to the'car frame, and connected pivotally at their outer ends by a vertically, disposed lever. ,In the present instance this latter lever also acts as the ldng pin and as adopted in this design, the parallel levers are of different lengths. The novel feature ofthis running gear is the arrangement of the torque arms, and the king pins.

The running gear at the rear of the car is of the type known'as The Pendulum Axle. Here again the'novel feature lies in the torque arms and the running gear at both the front and rear ends of the car allows independent wheel action.

55 Generally stated, the improved spring sus- I The differentialis mounted in a novel 'ni'anner' withrubber insulation and torque control,

' which permits a limited amount ofrotation, thus illustrated in cushioningthe engine and gears against shock.

tionpartly in section of Figure 1' and 1A respectively';

Figure 3 is a rear end elevationpfFigure 1A;

showing the locationof the air springand its supporting equalizinglever, together with-the two axle housing tubes which are pivotally connectedto the differential by the ball joints as shown in dotted lines, and the torsiohalstabilizer mount.-

. ed on the frame and'flexibly connected to the running gear; Figure .4 is a front end elevation of Figure 1, showing the arrangement of the parallel levers and king pins, the air spring with its equalizing ,bar, the torque arms supporting the equalizing bar, and the torsional stabilizer with its connections; Figure 5 is a-view partly in elevation and "partly in section of the combination king .pin and Ver ticailink of the parallelogram of the front end running gear; I

Figure 6 is a view of the king pin proper taken at right angles to Figure 5, other parts being Omitted;

, Figure 7- is a planview of thehousing for the upper ball joint-illustrated in Figure 5, showing themethod of connecting the top parallellever' or parallelogram;

Figure 8 is a side view of Figure 7 with the nut removed showing the caster adjustmentshims in a shown in Figure 8;

place;

Figure 9 is a side view ofthe adjustment shim's Figure 10 is an end viewiof one of the shimsshown i 9, illustrating the interlocking -trated in Figure 11;

- joint, used to connect i edto connect the rear end torque arms to the the air springs;

. rubber insulation therefor;

Figure 14;"

projection on. each shim;

Figure 11 is a vertical sectional .view,'pa tly in elevation of. the ball and socket joint and pivot pin shackle construction, usedv inconnection with Figure 12 is a plan view of thetwo part socket supporting theball and link shown in Figure 11;

Figure 13 is a side elevationalview'ofthe ball and link,. of the shackle construction as illus- Figure 14 is a side elevation of the'difierentiai case, showing the method of suspension and the Figure 15 .is a pla view partly in section 6r Figure- 16 is a view in elevation of one of the equalizing bars adapted to support the airsprings; Y Figure 17 is a plan view of Figure 16;

' Figure 18 isan end view ofthe rubber bushed the front end torque arms Figure 19 is an endv'l e w of the construction Figure 20 is a vertical sectional-view of the type Q of rubber bushing used to com'iectthe' front" inner ends of the rear torque arms;

/Figure 21 is a sectional view of the rubber bushing usedat the inner ends of the upper parallel levers at the front end'of the car;

Figure 22 is a view of the ball and socket rub-j ber insulated joint used 'atthe inner ends of the front end torque arms;

Figure 23 is a cap piece for the joint in Figure 22;

for the steering linkage;

Figure25 is a side elevation 'thereof;

' Figure 26 illustrates diagrammatically, the effect of the angular mounting of the air springs;

.- Figure 27 is a diagram illustratingthe theory of inherentstability of the complete assembly;

Figure28 is a diagram illustrating the move ment permitted the front wheelsby'theparallelleversy j Figures 29 and 29A illustrate enlarged detail vertical sectional views taken on a line through axles to vthe frame, andaiso' for connecting the.

the center, of the air spring and hydraulic check;

Figure 30 is an end vi ew of needle ing used in connection therewith; Figure 31 is a'plan view thereof; a Figure 32 isa plan view of the four'armed spider yoke, which carries four of the bearings shown in Figure30; I 5 I Figure 33 is a side elevation of the cap piece retainer for'the needle bearings;

roller bear- Figure 34 is a plan view of the uppertelescoping tube of Figure 29, showing the tracks to accbm'modate the yoke as shown in Figure 32 and Figure 35 is a; plan view of the base plate-of Figure 29A.

Referring to the drawings in detailthe presentinvention comprises a main frame or back-bone 4 I provided with forwardly and'rearwardly extending side rail members I. These side. rail -members are fork-like extensions diverging from the main frame and, for the greater portion of their length parallel, as clearly shown in Figures" 1 and 1A, This-main frame I is preferably constructedof two inwardly facing channel members brought together at their intermediate portionsand welded, providing a rectangular tube at said intermediateporti th which the ve..: shaft passes. H g

The forward rail members i are spaced far enough apart to permit the, placing of the engine and gear box-(not shown) betweenthem, and

the rear side rail members I-' are likewise spread apart toprovidesuflicient space for mounting the difl'erential case, 2, both the front and rear side 7 rail 'members I' having a kick-up" over the front and rearaxles asuini accepted practice.

Connecting the rear forks of the frame are cross members 3, and 4, riveted or otherwise secured to the side railsof the frame and .to these cross memhers is firmly riveted the'flanged platei which is bent at correct angles to forma suitable anchorage for th'eair spring 6 (see Figure'2A). The air spring 6 is flexibly connected to the. frame plate 5 bya ball and socket -joint, a socket being provided in .theitop of air spring Storec'eive a ball joint 1 having ashankj passing. .throu'gh'plate 5 and secured by. a nut 9,; This connection is rubber insulated and will be fully described later Jherein. Flanged plates l0 and II' are-riveted to members 5,3 and! to stiffen the entire assembly.

The rear running-gear consists of axle hous ing tubes ['2 and I3, on'the outer'ends of 'which arerotatably mounted road wheels I4 and I5, the

inner-ends, of said axle tubes 12 and I3 terminat- I -1o Figure24 is a plan view of the sliding carriage ing in large hollow ball joints l6 and I! mounted in sockets formed in opposite sides of the differential case 2. Inside of the hollow ball joint I6 is a universal joint, connected at one end to the differential, and at the other to a live axle inside tube l2 (not shown), the outer end of the live axle being connected to, and driving a wheel l4. This construction is conventional. The construction of the drive on the opposite side, inside of H and 3 is the same as just described and I8 and I9 are the usual universal joints connectingthe ends of the drive shaft 26 to the differential and engine. The differential case 2 is hung between the side rails of the frame and is supported on brackets 2| and 22 inside the side rails of the frame, and is rubber insulated as will be described later herein. The axle housing tubes l2 and I3 pass through holes in the side rails of the frame, one of these holes being shown at 23 in Figure 2.

Torque rod 24 is pivotally connected at its inner end to the frame by hearing 25, mounted on bracket 26 and is secured in'the bearing by nut 21. Bearing 25 is rubber bushed as will be described later herein. Torque rod 24 passes under the axle tube l2 at a point half way between the center of the wheel i4 and the ball joint I6, and is secured to the axle tube l2 by U clamp 28 which straddles tube l2 passing down through holes in the torque arm 24, and fastened by nuts 29 and 30. Axle tube I2 is prevented from rotating by bracket seat 3| welded fast to axle tube l2. This connection between the torque arm 24 and axle housing tube I2 is also rubber insulated to be described later herein. The rear end of the torque arm 24 projects a considerable distance back of the axle tube l2 and terminates in a cup like housing 32 in which is hung ball jointed shackle 33, to be hereinafter described in detail.

.On the opposite side of the frame the construction is exactly the same, providing a torque arm for a purpose to 34 pivotally connected at its inner end to the frame by bearings 35 mounted on bracket 36 and is secured in the bearing by nut 31. This bearing 31 is also rubber bushed similar to Figure 20 to be later described in detail. Torque-arm 34 passes 'under the axle tube l3 at a point half way between the center of theiwheel I5 and ball joint I! and is secured to the axle tube l3 by U'clamp 38 which straddles tube l3 and passesdown through torque arm 94', and.is fastened thereto by'two nuts threaded on the ends of U clamp 38. Axle tube 13 is prevented from rotating by a bracket seat 39 welded fast thereto. This connection between the torque arm34 and axle housing tube I3 is also rubber insulated. The rear end or the torque arm 34 projects a considerable distance back of the axle tube l3 and terminatesin a cup like housing 40 inv which is hung a balljointed shackle 4| described in detail later herein. A rigid T-shapedbar 42 is pivotally connected at its ends by bolts 43 and 44 to "shackles 4| and 33, and is fastened at its center by studs to the bottom of the air spring. 6. The

detail construction of bar 42 will be given in more detail later. It will be noted that air spring 6 is mounted at an angle of 130 degrees to the vertical-plane in normal position along the line A, B, and under a full upward stroke of the wheels reaches an angle of 45 degrees along the line A, C, be hereinafter more fully explained.. A round springsteel torsion rod 45 is mounted on top of theframe in'bearings 46 and 41 which each end of the torsion rod is bent forward in the same directionto form lever arms 48'and 49.

The ends of these lever arms are flattened to provide a seat for rubber pads and 5|, one placed 5 above and the other below the flat section on the end of lever arm-49. A hole is formed through the center of the flattened section at the-end of lever arm 49 and corresponding holes through the center of the rubber pads 56 and 5| through which is passed a connecting link 52, a metal washer being placed on top of rubber pad 50 and one below rubber pad 5|, the entire assembly being adjusted to the proper position and pressure by nuts 53 and 54 threaded on the link 52. The hole in lever arm 49 is considerably-larger in diameter than link 52, and therefore, thereis no I metal to metal contact. This same type of rub berjoint is used to connect the bottom end of link 52 to a bracket welded to axle tube 12, and the same type of rubber joint is also usedat the other side of the chassis to connect arm 48 to axle tube l3.

The hinge axis on which road wheel l4 swings up and down is along the dotted line D, E, and the hinge axis on which road wheel I 5 swings up and down is along the dotted line F, G. It will be noted that these hinge axles D, E, and F, G, are parallel to the longitudinal center line of the chassis H, 1.,

At the front end of the chassis are cross members 55, 56 and 51, securely riveted to the side rails |l of the frame. The cross member 56 serves as a seat for the radiator core and 51 dips low enough to form an anchorage between its flanges for the divided axles. Brace members 51' and 5'! are provided to stiffen cross member 51.

. A flanged plate 58, bent at correct angles forms a suitable anchorage for the air spring, 59 and is riveted atits ends to cross members and 56. This assembly is reinforced by flanged plates 60 and 6| riveted fast to cross members 55, 56 and 5.1.

The running gear at the front end of the chassis consists of divided tubular axles 62 and 63, the inner ends of which being pivotally connected to cross member 51 by bolts 64 and 65. Cooperating with axles 62 and 63 are upper parallel I V-shaped levers or links 66 and 6 1-, the two inner ends of said link 66 being pivotally connected to the frame by rubber bushed bearings 66 and 69. These bearings are mounted'in U-shaped brackets 16 and 1|, the bracket 10 being bolted fast to the side rail Iof the frame, whilebracket 1|, is bolted to frame bracket 12 which is in-t-urn riveted fast to side rail I. A spacing tube 13 is arranged between brackets 16 and H, and 14 is a long bolt 'passing through bracket'lil, bearing 68, spacing tube 13, bracket TI, and bearing the end of said bolt 14. The outer end of V lever.66 is connected to acup 16 which has an 1 integral shaft passing through 66 and secured by nut 11. The outer end of axle 62 and cup 16 at theend oflever 66 are flexibly connected together through a 'vertical link or king pin, and the kingpin has a spindle integral with it, on which is mounted road wheel 18 free to rotate. Thedetails of the king pin and of the connections at the ends of 66 and 62 will be described 1 later herein.

J A torque arm l9 is flexibly connected at its inner end to the side rail of the frame by a rubber 69, and is pulledlup tight by a nut 15 threaded on insulated ball joint '66, projecting forwardly and is connected by a -U-'shaped .clamp 8| embracing are rubber hushed and a "considerable length oftube 62 from below and having its two ends passcrossing over the top'of axle tube 62 to which it ing through holes in torqu e arm I9 andsecured ,by nuts 82 and 83. This joint between axleftube 62 and torque arm 'l9 is rubber bushed and permits some rotation, the details of which are to- Torque arm 19 be more fully described later. projects a considerable distancein front of axle tube 62 and terminates in acup like housing 84,-

in which is socketed ball joint shackle 85.

The hinge axis of the lower parallel lever formed by the assembly of tube 62 and torque arm I9 is along the dotted line J, K, and the hinge "axis of the upper parallel lever 66 is.along the dotted line L, M, audit will be noted that these two axes J, K, and L, M, are parallel to each other.

The running gear on' the opposite side ofvthe frame is exactly the same as that just described.

Here the bottom link of .the parallelograniis formed by the axle tube 63 provided at its inner end with a rubberbushed pivoted bearing hung on bolt 65 and held in exact position by torque arm" 86, the inner end of said torque arm 86 being flexibly connected to the side rail I of the frame by a rubber bushed ball and socket joint 8I-.

Torque arm 86 passes over axle tube 63 and secured -thereto by a U clamp embracing tube- 63 and passing through torque arm 86. The ends of this clamp'are fastened by nuts 88 and 89 and .-.this connection betweentorque arm 86 and axle tube 63 is provided with a rubber bushed bearing which permits a limited rotation. The torquearm 86 projects forwardly a considerable distance 'be-. yond axle 63 and terminates in a cup like housing- .90, supporting a ball jointed shackle 9|.

, The upper two armed V--sha'.ped link 61 forming the top parallel lever or linkage of the parallelo- 95 bolted fast to the side rail l of the frame and bearing 94 is similarly hung in a 'U-shaped bracket 96, fastened to and .supported by a bracket 91 riveted to the side rail I- of the frame. outer end of lever 61 has attached to it by means of a shank and nut 98, a cup shaped housing 99, provided with adjustable means -for=c'amber andcastenthe details of which willhereinafter described. The outer ends of the .twoparallel levers 63 and 61 are flexibl-yconnected to a vertical link which also serves as a king pin permit-' ting turning of the road wheel'for steering. The king pin is provided with a spindle; or stubaxle on which the road wheel 921s rotatably mounted i ous parts already described.

:"in' the usual manner.

Qonnected by'bolts I OI. to shackles 85 and-9I' is .a .-T sectional rigid bar; I88, said bar being provided at .each end with an eye for this;.pur-.

Mounted at the center of bar I88and fastened thereto is an air spring or the like 59, said spring being flexiblyconnected by means 'ofa ball. joint I82 socketed in the top of air'spring 59, to frame plate 58, said ball I82 havingari integral shank this connection being rubber insulated in a man:

- nerto be. explained hereinafter.

-The hinge-axis of the lower parallel lever, formed by the assembly of 63 and 86, isalong' the dotted'line N, 0, while the hinge axis of the parallel'lever 6'1, is along the dotted line B, Q,- the the u'pper parallel lever 61 shown in Figure 4,

axes N, O, and P, Q, being parallel.

The air spring 59, Iikethe one at therear of the. chassis, is in its normal position, placed at an angle'of 30 degrees to the vertical plane,

The

upward stroke of the road wheels reaches an angle of 45, degrees to the vertical plane, along the dotted line R, T.- This has an important effect.

and functionto be 'explained in more detail later.

Still referring to the forward end-of the suspension, a round spring-steel stabilizer or torsion rod I85 is mounted on the frame in rubber-bushed bearings I86 and III! bolted fast to the side rails II. of the frame, a considerable portion of each 10 directionproviding lever arms [88 and 189; The ends of these lever arms are flattened toform end of thetorsion rod I85 being bent' in the same seats for two rubber pads III]; III (Fig. 2), anda 4 round steel washer is placed on top of pad I I 8 and another belowpad I II through 'all of which is passed a vertical link II 2 secured by two nuts I I3 and H4 threaded on said link 112 to properly position and tension-the flexible rubber joint, the diameter of the hole in the arm I 88 being greater ,than the diameter of link 2, there is no metal to metal contact between thesemembers. Thejoint'at the bottom of link IILcQnhecting it to the axle tube 62-, is of exactly the same construction and 'the method of connecting arm I89 on 'the opposite side of the-chassis to axle tube 63 is identical withthat just described.

' A steering arm II5 has -one end fastened to the king pin I29. and spindle on which the road wheel .18 is mounted and-its other end serves as a g I has one end fastened to the king pin I28 and spindle on Whichroadwheel 92 is mounted, and

its other end 'servesas a mountingfor a ball joint I I 9 by means of which it is flexibly connected to tie rod I28. The inner ends of tie rods Ill and I I28 are flexibly connected by ball joints I2I and I22 to thecarriage I23 slidably mounted on a square rod I24, this'rod I24 being clamped a't its ends to the bottom of side rails I--I of the frame.

The carriage I23 is moved back and forth 'on rod I24 by a drag link I25 connected atitsinnerend by a ball joint, to carriage I23 and at its outer:- .end by a similar ball joint to a pitman arm I26 which arm in 'tur'n=is actuated by a steering gear 3 I2 I. In the 'normal straight ahead position of the front roadwheels, the ball 'joint .m is located in I22 is located in both planes. on the hinge axis yationfshowing from a different angle the vari- -both planes on the hinge axis J, K, and ball jointv Figure 4 is a front end. view of 1 in ele- 55 vation, showing-from a different, angle the. various parts already described. In this latter view pins I28 andI29 are clearly shown in this figure.

Figure 5. is an enlarged detail view partly'in v section, of one of these king pins, in which I28 is' the main vertical body. of the king pin, I38 a part the steering arm is\attached to 'the'king pin, I32

'theflanged brake plate, and'I33 and I34 are .ball

--thepairs of parallel-levers 6 1, 63 and-66, 62 are 'shownin their relativepositions and the king joints with-integral shanksfby means of which they are threaded into the-endsofthe king pin.

.A ball-. joint housing 99 carried by the ball I33 is attached by'means of an integral shank I35-t'o and an annular bearing. I36 is placed in'the bot-- wardly extending flange formed around the-bottom of the. housing.- flcrewed into the top of jtomof housing 99 and retained therein by an in,'

housing 99 is a threaded plug I31 which serves as an adjustment for the ball and socket joint, a socket being formed in the bottom of plug I3'I to fit'the ball I33 as clearlyshown in Figure 5.

The lower end of the king pin supports a cup like housing I38 provided with an integral shank I39 by means of which it is fastened to the outer end of axle tube 83 shown in Figure 4. This housing encloses a ball and socket joint composed of a ball I34 and top and bottom sockets I48, I4I cooperating with a threaded plug I42 screwed into the top of housing I38 providing an adjustment for the ballandsocket joint. Between the socket I and plug I42 is a ball thrust bearing I43 with races formed in I and I42, this thrust bearing greatly reducing friction due to the load on the front end of the car, permitting easy turning of the road wheel for steering.

Figure 6 is a view in side elevation of part I28 shown in detail in Figure 5. Here the rectangular construction of the lower end of king pin I28, to form a seat for ball joint I34, is clearly illustrated, the lugs I43 and I43 being provided to attach brake flange I32 to member I28 and lugs I44 and I44 are used for the'same purpose in' addition to supporting the brake shoe anchorage bolts. Figure 7 is a plan view of cup 88 of Figure 5, showing method of attaching the same to the upper parallel lever 81, (Figure 4) a, fragment of which is shown. The integral'shanki35 of cup inplace by nut 98 (Figure 1). A series of shim washers I45 on shank I35 are interposed between cup 98 and lever 61 and serve to adjust the 'camber'of the road wheel by decreasing or increasing their number as desired.

Referring to Figure 8, which is a side'view of Figure '7, the bossed end of the V-shaped lever 61 is provided with a rectangular opening I46 through which the shank I35 passes, and on each side of the shank- I35 enough shims I41 are placed to completely fill slot I45, adjustment of the caster of the king pin I28 is secured by removing some of the shims, in slot I46 on one side of shank I35 and putting them on the opposite side.

To retain these shims in place they are formed with an offset in their center as shown in Figures 10 and 11 which interlocks them, and the whole assembly is secured by a nut 98 threaded on the shank I35.

The detail construction of the ball jointed shackles (shown in Figures 1. and 1A at 33, H, 85

and 9|) is illustrated in detail in Figure 11 and a description .of one will be sufllcient in that they are all alike. For the purpose of illustration and detailed description the torque arm shackle link' 33, has at its top a half ball I 48 and. at its bottom a parallel fork with arms I49 and I 49', each of these arms having near its lower. end a threaded hole to accommodate a threaded bolt 44. Bolt 44 isalso loosely threaded through an eye in the end of bar 42, and the latter is free to oscillate on the said bolt 44. A cup 32 previously referred to as being formed on the end of torque I48 is provided a recess in which is tightly seated a hardened plate' I53, and a hardenedsteel ball I 54 is seated in the end of coil spring I52 and. bears against plate I53, the diameter of the ball I54 being large enough to prevent its complete entry into the coil spring I52 and consequently it transmits the force stored in' the spring to the ball joint I48 and keeps'it seated on its socket I58 at all times. It will be noted that the parts are so arranged that the center of the small ball I54 free swinging of the latter about this common center. A rubber orfabric cover or boot I55 is placed over. the bottom of the ball joint to exclude dirt and retain lubricant, its method of attachment being plainly illustrated. A grease filler fitting is shown at I56.

od of mounting the difierential case, while Figure 15 is a plan view partly in detail section of Figure 14. In these two figures the dotted lines II are the side rails of the chassis frame to,

semi-cylindrical seat for the extensions I56 and,

I 51. A curved member I58, semi-cylin'dricalin shape having right angle lugs at its ends is bolted fast to bracket 2| by bolts I59 and I60. The tightening of these bolts puts pressure on the rubber ring I51 and holds the difierential case firmly in position. The construction'on the opposite side .of the frame 'is exactly the same, so that the differential case 2 is hung on two rubber bushed bearings, these bearings permitting a certain amount of oscillation under drive torque. To limit the amount of this oscillation, a metal stop I6l is welded fast'to the differential case, said stop being placed between the rubber bumpers I62 and I63 mounted on formed seats on cross -member 3 and secured thereto by nuts I 64 and I63 are vulcanized.

Referring to Figure 15, details of the axle ball and socket joint are shown partly in section, the hollow ball Iii on theend of the axle housing tube I2. being seated in a socket I68 formed on the side of the difi erential case. Another annular socket I 61 rests against the outer portion of ball I6 and is retained in place by a threaded ring I68, this'ring also acting as an adjustment for the, ball and socket joint. The axle tube I2 passes'through a hole in the side rail I of the frame large enough to permit the necessary amount of up and down swing of the axle tube I2 and also largeenough to permit entry of the ball I6 and lock ring I68. A fabric or rubber the entry of dirt by being placed around tube I2 and over the hole in the frame side rail and attached in any suitable manner.

Figure 16 is a side view and Figure 17 is a .plan view of the frontend equalizing bar on which the air spring is mounted. The bar IIlII-as shown is a T section .with formed eyes I69 and IIII-at.

opposite ends. In'the center of the T bar I88, a section of the vertical flange is -cut away and a ring III is welded therein, forming a seat'for is also the center of the half ball I48, permitting l bellows inot shown) would be used to; prevent the air spring on top of the. bottom flange of bar I08 and said air spring is secured by studs passing through the four holes I12 screwed into the base of the air spring. Ring III is reinforced 15 Figure 14 is a side elevation showing the methby'two horizontal flanges I18 and I114 welded fast to ring HI and the vertical flange of the bar I00.

The equalizing bar at the rearend of thechassis isidentical in construction with that just described. 1

Figure 18 is a part sectional view-of the rubber bushed bearing used to attach the torque arms to the axle tubes at the front end ofthe chassis,

'19 is a section of one of the torque arms, and

82 is a section'of one of the axle tubes. Encir cling the axle tube 62 is atwo piece'cylindrical rubber bushing I15,- said bushing being held in "place by a filler block I18 and a half circular ;these nuts puts the necessary compression on the rubber bushing I15.

cap piece I11, the whole assembly being, secured by a- U-shaped-clamp' 8| straddling the bearing from below and passing through holes in the torque arm 19, its ends-being secured by nuts 82 and 88, threaded thereon. The tightening of In Figure 19 is illustrated, partly in section,

one of the rubber insulated connectionsbetween the rear torque arms and axle-tubes. As shown,

.-24 is a fragment of the torque arm, I2 is a section of one of the rear axle tubes,and 8| is a bracket seat for saida'xle. tube I2, welded to the bottom. of; said axle tube l2. Inserted between torque arm 24 and bracket 8| is a rubber pad I18 and another rubber pad I18 is placed around the top of tube'I2, and covered-by a metal cap I 19 A U-shaped clamp 28 straddles the axle tube from above and its arms pass down througlr holes in 8i, I18, and 24, and the whole assembly is tightened up and the rubber put under pressure by nuts 29 and 80 on the threaded ends of'clamp 28.

As the holes in bracket 8| are larger in diameter than the arms of clamp 28 there is no metal to. metal contact between torque arm "24 and axle tube I2. The type of rubber bushing used at the inner ends of the rear torque arms 24 and 84 and also at the inner ends of the-divided front axles 82 and 88 are illustrated in detail in Figure 20. Here 24 is a section of the torquearm, provided witha nut 21 which tightly clamps spacing tube. I80 between itself and a flange I 81 formed integrally with the torque arm 24. -A cylindrical metal case 25having an inner annular flangeyl82 at its intermediate portionforms a part of the bushing construction and the opening formed by said annular flangeis of larger diameter'than tube I80. When assembling, tube, I80 isplaced inside the case 25, then cylindrical rubber bushings I88 and I84 are slipped on over tube I80, one over each end, then the rubber is put under compression by tightening nuts I85 and I88 threadedon the ends of the innertube I80. The. outer ends of the rubber bushings are protected by steel washers (not shown) against which nuts I88 and I88 bear. The rubber bushings I88 and -,I84 are forced against the abutment I82 in case 25, and this'enables the bearing to resist heavy I end thrusts. Case 25, where it forms a part of ends of the'axle tubes 82 and 88.

s these twometal cylinders is inserted; under heavy the bearing at, the inner endsof the rear torque arms, is formed integral with a bracket by means of which it is attached to the main frame (Figures 7 1 and 2), while at the front end of the chassis the outside case of the bearing is welded fast to Figure 21 is a .view" in section ofthe type of rubber bushing used on the inner'ends of the upper parallel lever and 81 (Figure 1). The bearing is composed of an inside metal cylinder I81and-an outside metal cylinder I88. Between,

pressure a rubber cylinder I89. The pressureon 25 is a side view in elevation offFigure 24.

' to support. the leather cup packing 202. A metal .flange ring 208 is slipped over the end of tube 200 1welded thereto, and in the centerpf said plug is wh ich scrvesto retain the ball in placeand furthe rubber is great enough to prevent slippage between the rubber and metal cylinders under- HI and bushing I90." These parts'are retained in place by a cap piece I93, Figure 23, which is bolted fast to I92 throughholes I94. 'The case is formed a half socketto accommodate the ball I82 provides a bracket by means of which the bearing is bolted fast to the chassis frame.

:Figure 24isa plan view of thesliding carriage I used in. the divided steering linkage, and Figure I24 is a square sectioned rod on which the carriage I28 slides back and forth, saidcarriage having a square hole throughoutits length through which.

rod I24 passes with a slidabieflt; Formed integrally with the carriage I28 is a downwardly projecting flange I95, provided with three bosses 198,491 and- I98. Each of these bosses is pierced by a tapered hole in which are mounted steel balls I2I, I22, and I98 by means of tapered sh'anks integral with the balls and secured by nuts threa'de d on the end of each shank. Balls I2I-and I22 areused to .flexibly connect carriage I28 to the road wheels .through tie rods and steering arms, while ball I99 is used to flexibly connect the carriage I28 by adrag link tothe pitman arm of the steering gear.

Theairspring hereinbefore referred to-as being .one of the essential features of both the front and rear portions of the spring suspension is illustrated in detail in Figures 29 and 29A, the same being a vertical sectional view through the center of one of these improved air springs. The air spring comprises a metal tube 200 having welded to it at its lower end, a circular flange 20I, shaped and is interposed between the leathercup packing 202 and a leather cup packing. 204 and is'shaped to provide support for both of said cup packings, in conjunction with the metal ring 205, slipped over the bottom end of tube 200 and embracing the leather cup packing 204. The lower end of thetube 200 is provided with a metal cap 208 having an internal thread by means of .which it is screwed'onto a corresponding threadon the out- V side of the bottom of tube200. Whenthe cap 208 is screwed up tight, it firmly holds .the piston packing assembly 202,208, 204 -and 205 in'piace, and prevents leakage along the side of tube 200. At the bottom' of cap piece 208 is an annular. flange 208' which acts as a plunger fora dash pot 218 directly below it in the base of the air spring. Arranged in the bottom of the cap 208 are small ports 201 and 201?. In ring 208 are provided small ports 208 and 208' communicating with a groovejcut on the'inside of said ring 208 and thus insuring registry ports in tube .200.

The top of piston tube :00 is sealed by pm. 209

with corresponding as emi-spherical socket provided with a soft metal lining- 72 which seats. ball joint 2II. An annular socket 2I 2 embraces the top partbf the ball 2I I and is threaded into the top part oi plug'208 

